Diffie Hellman
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is a cryptographic protocol
that allows two parties to securely exchange keys over an insecure network by
enabling them to establish a shared secret key without ever transmitting the
key itself over the internet, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt
data, making it a crucial component in protocols like SSL, SSH, IPSec, and TLS;
essentially, it facilitates the creation of a secure communication channel
without needing to initially share a secret key directly.
Diffie Hellman is an asymmetric function that secures the exchange of keys. It is primarily a key exchange process.
Key points about Diffie-Hellman:
Shared Secret Key: The primary function of Diffie-Hellman is to allow two parties to calculate a shared secret key independently, even though they only exchange public information over an insecure channel.
Public Key Cryptography: It operates based on the principles of public key cryptography, where each user has a public key that can be shared openly and a private key that must be kept secret.
Mathematical Basis: Diffie-Hellman's security relies on the computational difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem, which makes it hard to calculate the shared secret key from public information alone.
No Authentication: While Diffie-Hellman establishes a shared secret, it does not inherently provide authentication, meaning additional measures are needed to verify the identity of the communicating parties.
How it works (simplified):
Agree on Public Parameters: Both parties agree on a large prime number, "p," and a generator, "g," which are publicly known.
Generate Private Keys: Each party generates a random secret number (their private key).
Calculate Public Keys: Each party calculates a public key using the public parameters and their private key and sends it to the other party.
Derive Shared Secret: Each party takes the received public key and their own private key to independently calculate the same shared secret key.
Applications:
Secure Web Communication (HTTPS): Used in the initial critical exchange phase to establish a secure connection between a web server and a client.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Enables secure communication over untrusted networks by establishing a shared secret key for encryption.
Secure Shell (SSH): Used for secure remote logins by establishing a shared secret key for authentication and data encryption.